Heat transfer by convection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Warmth move by convection - Essay Example A square hole was utilized whereby its base and top dividers were protected. One of the side dividers was assumed cold while the opposite side hot. Alumina/water nanofluid was utilized as the working liquid. It was reasoned that utilizing distinctive thermophysical models may prompt inverse pattern estimations for Nusselt number particularly in high strong volume portions. Impacts of tendency edge (somewhere in the range of 00 and 1200) of a square cavity loaded up with Cu/water nanofluid on heat move (Abu-Nada and Oztop). The limit states of the two analyses were comparative. Diverse water based nanofluids containing Cu, Ag, CuO, Al2O3 and TiO2 nanoparticles were put in a depression with volume portion up to 20%. One side of the dividers was warmed utilizing warmer mounted on the divider; hole edge differed somewhere in the range of 00 and 900 (Ogut). Expanded focus builds heat move rate. Normal Nusselt number has a high affectability to thickness contrasted with the warm conductivi ty at high Rayleigh numbers; appropriate consistency model ought to be chosen (SAEED ZEINALI HERIS, Masoumeh Borhani Pour, Omid Mahian, Somchai Wongwises, 2014). Stream of Cu, Al2O3, and TiO2 nanoparticles is suspended in water in a cavity where top and base dividers are protected; right divider is kept cold while the left divider is exposed to the intermittent warmth transition. Utilization of Cu and TiO2 with volume parts up to 20% prompts greatest and least warmth expulsion from heat source separately (Ghasemi and Aminossadati). Stream of Cu/water nanofluid (volume parts up to 5%) in a square hole and the base exposed to steady warmth transition while cooling is directed by entering a nanofluid stream from the left divider and leaving from the correct divider (Shahi et al). It was inferred that an expansion in the volume division expanded the normal Nusselt number in the cavity. Lin and Voili recreated the impacts of particles size on characteristic convection stream of Al2O3/water nanofluid with volume portion up to 5% in square cavity

Stresses for Trainee Counselling Psychologists | Review

Worries for Trainee Counseling Psychologists | Review Title: A basic editorial on the accompanying examination paper: Kumary, A Martyn, B. (2008) Stresses announced by UK student advising therapists. Guiding Psychology Quarterly, March; 21:19-28 The possibility of entering any postgraduate preparing project can regularly be scaring. Due to the scholarly responsibility required, but since of the passionate requests and potential budgetary stranglehold put on an understudy. These issues alone can leave learners in both guiding and related mental callings defenseless against stress, which can not just harm the prosperity of the understudy, however bring down the general nature of care experienced by patients when students are on position (Cushway Tyler 1996; Kumary Baker 2008). Kumary Martyns make the straightforward contention, based freely around Crushways (1992) investigation of UK clinical brain research learners, that there are key parts of preparing that sway on self-revealed feelings of anxiety. These included poor oversight, money related costs, childcare, individual treatment and additional management. A portion of these stressors distinguished can't be thought of as basic or essential parts of preparing however this in itself is a territory of key discussion. (Kumary et al 2008). Other research has likewise featured a similar key issues inside guiding (Szymanska 2002), yet has just seen one issue in disengagement and in light of this, the current examination was an examination of UK directing brain research learners self-reports of their encounters of pressure when preparing. One may go as far to scrutinize the discerning of any investigation looking at potential worry inside such callings thinking about that having experienced a college qualifica tion as of now, understudies are as of now acquainted with a moderate degree of stress and it essentially goes with the domain (Cooper Quick 2003). Then again, such an investigation has never been directed and may deliver convincing outcomes. Subjects were anything but difficult to recognize and get albeit just UK directing students who were reading for Part 1 of the BPS certificate were enrolled. Is it true that we are to expect this is when feelings of anxiety are at an ideal level? Surveys were conveyed to all organizations. While the general attributes of the example are very much spoken to, there was just a 41% bring rate back. This is acceptable, however not remarkable in contrast with look into directed in comparable areas, notwithstanding various follow-up messages and calls (Robertson Sundstorm 1990). A monetary motivating force may have improved this arrival rate, however prepaid return wraps were given. Anyway this information was gathered in 2003, yet not submitted for distribution until 2007. Morally, this deferral in investigation and distribution produces results that are as of now four years outdated in training framework that is continually developing (Hadley et al 1995). While such a basic technique may at first appear to be sound, after looking into it further, the contrasts between the preparation projects of clinical and guiding are just disregarded and there is some proof to recommend that the uniqueness between the two obstruct a reiteration of an apparently clear methodology last counseled in 1992 by Cushway. Beside the time slip by, it is consequently imperative to consider different issues encompassing the alteration of an approach recently used to examine worry in clinical learners. Right off the bat, guiding therapist preparing will in general be less experimentally orientated than its clinical partner and most NHS presents are just open on Clinical Psychologists (Mayne, Norcross Sayette 2000). For instance, it is commonly acknowledged that guiding clinicians center more around the remedial collusion with customers finishing 450 hours of contact before third year's over preparing (Hadley et al 1995). While there are extensive similitudes between the two controls, Norcorss (2000) records numerous remarkable contrasts including proficient exercises, hypothetical directions, work and preparing settings, graduate confirmations and research regions. The inquiry what are the distinctions in preparing clinical and advising analysts? - doesn't fit a simple answer since brain research can be applied from numerous points of view. Customarily, the principle contrast is in their preparation and point of view (Mayne et al 2000). It would seem, by all accounts, to be an oversight on Kumary et als (2008) section to utilize a comparative, adjusted procedure, recently applied to clinical learners when the pressure causing variables might be very extraordinary. With these distinctions plot in more detail, the old system would seem to require a progressively extreme change or adjustment from that utilized beforehand. Two fundamental instruments were utilized to inspect worry inside the example. The Counseling Psychology Trainee Stress Survey (CPTSS) and The General Health Questionnaire (GHQ12) (Wemeke, Goldberg Yalcin 2000). The CPTSS was created from Cushways (1992) stress review for clinical brain research students with four classifications (scholastic stressors, arrangement stressors, authoritative stressors and individual stressors). What is concerning is the absence of both research affirming the legitimacy of the measure and the little meeting to generate new ideas utilizing five students under those headings. Besides, from their conversation the CPTSS, built from 36 things, was just directed on a further six learners. This led to certain progressions being made with the creators choosing four engaging classes somewhat not quite the same as Cushways; scholastic requests, absence of emotionally supportive networks, situation stressors and individual and expert turn of events. This presentati ons neither united or discriminant legitimacy. At long last, in spite of other progressively substantial types of polls accessible estimating worry (for instance the Psychological Stress Measure (PMS), this examination picked one which was immediately formulated from a short examination and stays untested in everybody (Lemyre Tessier 2003; Trovato et al 2006). The General Health Questionnaire (GHQ12) then again has been explicitly approved for use in non-crazy populaces (Wemeke et al 2000). Since it is an abbreviated, 12-thing adaptation of the GHQ, it considers brisk finish, is probably going to expand member reaction, rushes to code and factual slip-ups likewise become more uncertain. For the motivations behind this examination, it has all the earmarks of being the perfect decision and has been utilized to extraordinary impact in an enormous group of pervious work (Winefield, Goldney, Winefield, Tiggemann 1989; Vaglum Falkum 1999; Quek, Low, Razack, Loh 2001). An ongoing audit by Jackson (2007) be that as it may, called attention to that the 28 thing is generally utilized on the grounds that the GHQ28 has been all the more broadly utilized in other working populaces, which considers better examinations, yet the unwavering quality coefficients have extended from 0.78 to 0.95 in various investigations and Jackson closes (2007, p. 57) that: ‘In utilizing this device with postgraduate understudies directing exploration in numerous territories of word related wellbeing, the GHQ once in a while neglects to give dependable and powerful proportions of prosperity that typically correspond profoundly with different proportions of workplaces or associations Notwithstanding how cautiously overview information is gathered and examined, the estimation of the conclusive outcome relies upon the honesty of the respondents answers to the inquiries posed. In the course of the most recent twenty years, analysts have discussed broadly about the honesty of people groups self-reports, and no obvious end has risen (Zechmeister, Zechmesiter, Shaughnessy 2001). On the off chance that somebody is asked whether they making the most of their shower, there is commonly no compelling reason to address whether this precisely mirrors their genuine sentiments. Be that as it may, in regular daily existence there are a few circumstances in which scientists ought to have motivation to be suspect. Overview inquire about includes receptive estimation since respondents realize that their reactions are being recorded. Weights might be solid for individuals to react as they might suspect they ought to as opposed to what they really feel or accept (Zechmeister et al 20 01). The term used to depict proposals pressures is social attractive quality and in Kumary Martyns study (2008) these issues are available completely (Zechmeister et al 2001). For instance, a student guiding clinicians mentalities towards their own pressure and wellbeing levels, might be a long ways from their genuine upsetting social reactions. Both the examiners regulated depend entirely on self report and this offers ascend to some further analysis. The methodology is clear, yet there is an exchange off between taking into consideration a basic investigation and the perplexing utilization of polls in any review based examination. It is a fine equalization that is hard to keep up. Self-report polls are completely replied at various occasions and in various areas by each subject. Thus, the measures are helpless against mistakes brought about by jumbling factors. For instance, a student filling in a pressure based measure may have quite recently had an especially distressing day or experience that will impact their score. They could even have tests in half a month. Then again, revealing the issue of time-the board and stress might be good for nothing when the respondent clearly has the opportunity to plunk down and partake in such an investigation in any case. The outcomes from any self report likewise need certainty. While there is no perfect direct proportion of pressure, it is conceivable to show signs of improvement sign by estimating a portion of the physiological impacts in the body. For instance, stress may be better estimated by means of pulse, circulatory strain, breathing rate, mind waves, muscle pressure, skin conductance or temperature (Lemyre et al 2003). While all the more exorbitant, such an examination could be recreated utilizing skin conductance screens, worn via learner directing analysts and relate every day exercises with any changes. This may deliver results recording what parts of the course offer ascent to more pressure and permit f

Margaret Atwood Says Its OK to Read Whatever You Want

Margaret Atwood Says Its OK to Read Whatever You Want I recently had the pleasure of  reading  Margaret Atwoods book In Other Worlds. An essay collection that examines science fiction and her  relationship with it, In Other Worlds  is essentially a memoir of Atwoods reading life. Its a look at the books that shaped one of the most respected and beloved contemporary writers, and its a case for reading widely and without pretension. Here are four favorite quotesreally, the whole book is terrific and you should read itto remind you that yes, Veronica, it really is OK to read whatever the hell you want. For this recovering book snob, it was a timely reminder and a kick in the pass. After all, itf its good enough for  Margaret Atwood, its good enough for me. On reading Ray Bradbury when she was supposed to be doing homework: I was, in fact, leading a double life, or even a triple one: the terms highbrow, middle brow, and lowbrow were much in use at that timethe metaphor was based on some idea of Neanderthals having receding foreheadsbut I seemed to have a taste for all three kinds of brow, which I cant say ever disturbed me. On taking a course from an academic she greatly admired: He had the added benefit of being a reader at all three brow levels, which pleased me a lot; its always encouraging to be told that it is intellectually acceptable to read the sorts of things that you like to read anyway. (emphasis mine) On the joy of stumbling upon never-before-heard-of books in the library when you should be doing Very Serious Research: In those stacks there were more obscure books than you could ever hope to find elsewhere, even on the Internet today, and I whiled away many a misspent hour  reading about things that were none of my business. On the perks of growing up in a snobbery-free environment: Nor did I make any distinctions between great  literature and any other kind. I just liked  reading. Sign up to Unusual Suspects to receive news and recommendations for mystery/thriller readers. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

Mass Killings And Its Effects On Society - 3280 Words

Contemporary society suffers from a wide range of problems nowadays. It is a fact that the human development comes at the new stage of development, which starts to harm society. Nowadays there is a considerable increase in gun abuse, violence, murders and thefts, which have a negative impact on the society. There is no nation in the world, which can be confident in its safety from terrorism and mass killings. Millions of people are worried about nation’s welfare and prosperity regarding the increasing number of mass killings. It is mandatory to study the essence of mass killings and its reasons of the nationwide spread. In general, mass killings form a threat to the society not only in the US, but in the whole world as well. Mass killings have become a problem, which emerged from the country’s level of development and country’s internal processes. The nature of mass killings is hard to predict. According to the statistics, the average age of a murderer is 33.5 years old. Despite this fact, mass killings involve people of different ages and occupations. There is a vast percent of teenagers, who commit murders within the walls of the school (Duwe, 2005). It may seem that gun access may cause gun abuse and violence among residents, which later results in mass killings (Fox, 2013). However, it is essential to see into the roots of the problem. Community believes that a free access to gun results in violence and gun abuse. All life facilities have become extremely expensive, andShow MoreRelated`` Not Here : If We re Truly Serious About Stopping Massacres Like1687 Words   |  7 Pages we need to cure our addiction to evil† informs readers about the truth behind massacres. Metcalf says that violence performed in the form of mass killing have definite causes. People are fascinated by the violence. He further suggests that evil and mass killing incidents in Aurora and Port Arthur are just few examples of that evil. The evil in our society is growing in large portion and people are more attracted towards violence. The article discusses invention of superheroes during late 1930s inRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Society Death 983 Words   |  4 PagesSocieties Death The main objective of this course is to create meta-level questions about the courses students are learning about. This course about death puts students into the perspective of how death is surrounded by them everywhere they go, in the book Daytripper the main character admits â€Å"He just realized that even when he’s not writing about it people will keep dying† (2-3). Through the plentiful use of death the book Daytripper has the reader contemplating their own death and how muchRead MoreGeneral Idi Amin Dada And The Act Of Killing1585 Words   |  7 PagesIn both documentaries, General Idi Amin Dada and The Act of Killing, the authors spent a considerable amount of time with the perpetrators of mass murder. In The Act of Killing Joshua Oppenheimer gets access to the executioners, gangsters and paramilitary leaders who carried out millions of mass killings. In General Idi Amin, Barbet Schroeder spent time with the third Ugandan President and one of the greatest ma ss murderers, Idi Amin Dada. Schroeder was able to document his firsthand account of eventsRead MoreAn Ounce Of Prevention Is Worth A Pound Of Cure1748 Words   |  7 Pagesare too many examples: massacres killing up to 20 or 30 people at a time and murder-suicides which often claim the lives of innocent people are no longer a rare occurrence. Suicides are committed by mentally ill civilians almost daily, and typically leave behind no clear motive for killing either self or others. Unfortunately, mental illness is not a sickness where doctors can provide an easy â€Å"cure† and the medicines that are available often have more side effects than benefits. With few tools toRead MoreThe Destructive Power of Peer Pressure Essay1408 Words   |  6 Pages Peer pressure and acts of mass blind obedience are all too common occurrences in our everyday society. A person, who under any other circumstances would never act in such a way, will commit unthinkable acts when backed by a single person or even worse, a large mass of individuals. It’s almost always destructive, and the person or persons involved usually always end up feeling regretful and bewildered by their actions. When thinking about group peer pressure, there are several otherRead More The Truth About Serial and Mass Murders Essay1033 Words   |  5 Pageskiller is the same; there are some who are mass murderers who go on killing rampages for reasons of their own, and then there are the serial killers that love to kill people because it makes them feel some sort of emotion. People often mistake these killers as one and the same, but in reality they are completely different in the ways they are profiled by the police, how they commit their murders and the effect they have on the community and the nation. Granted mass and serial murders are both killers,Read MoreEssay on Pulling the Trigger on Gun Rights1050 Words   |  5 Pagessettle differences, and win wars. Today the government is trying to find ways to revoke the 2nd amendment, so that only the police and military can carry guns. The second amendment is the individual right to keep and bear arms. This push to eliminate society from having guns in their possession is said to protect citizens. Pro-gun citizens are upset that the government is trying to take away their guns, because it would be harder to protect them-selves from people that get guns illegally or use theirRead MoreThe Effects Of Mass Media On Our Society1471 Words   |  6 Pages Amber alert can caution millions to any serious activities of child-abduction. With a touch of a finger through smartphones, this alert system activates an urgent bulletin to galvanize the community for assistance and safety. Today, mass media has undergone a significant change in terms o f how they reach out to the public. During the early 19th century, the dominant form of media was the printing press through newspapers, magazines, and books. Eventually, the late 19th century throughout the 20thRead MorePsychological Profile of a Killer1577 Words   |  7 PagesDuring the last decade the world has witnessed a staggering elevation in serial killings. To give some insight into the scale of the problem posed by the serial killer, in the United States can be gained from examining the statistics for just one year. In 1989 (the last year for which detailed figures are available) there were 21,500 recorded homicides, of which some 5,000 are unsolved. Unofficial sources believe that as many as a hundred serial killers may be at large at any given time. Add toRead MoreEssay Roles of Mass Media in Society973 Words   |  4 PagesRoles of Mass Media in Society Term of mass media or press has been used since around ten decades ago. At early age, type of mass media that society knows was only printed mass media such as newspaper, flyer, or brochure, but as the century goes by, other type of mass media, such as television, radio and internet, began to appear. In a society, mass media has many functions, due to its capability; mass media could bring not only positive effects but also negative effects to society. Nevertheless

The Procedure For An Outpatient Liposuction Procedure Is...

Liposuction is a procedure that is becoming very popular and common. Liposuction is a surgery to remove unwanted excess fat from the body such as the stomach, hips, thighs, buttocks, face and neck. This type of surgery is most commonly known for being a cosmetic type of surgery but is also done to those who need it to maintain a healthier lifestyle. Liposuction can be a lengthy process but there are also liposuctions that are done quickly and are outpatient procedures. Before you have the procedure done you must first consult your doctor and see if this surgery is right for you. The doctor will then conduct and interview with you and ask you simple questions regarding your daily activities such as eating habits, amount of exercise you do, if you smoke or drink, and if you are currently on any medications, along with many more questions. During the interview you will also be able to ask the doctor any questions regarding the procedure and what specific procedure will be right for you. An outpatient liposuction procedure is single procedures done in simple areas such as the face, arms, and neck. An inpatient procedure usually take hours and afterwards you must stay in the hospital for at least one day if there are no complications but with an outpatient procedure you can be done and out with everything in an hour or two depending on how long it takes for the anesthesia to ware off. The basic steps are the same with all liposuction procedures; there are several differentShow MoreRelated The Truth about Cosmetic Surgery Essay1150 Words   |  5 Pagesmost popular trends in America today. Whether you are reading a magazine, watching the news, or a television program, you are likely to see something about cosmetic surgery. Within the past year, there have been several television programs dedicated to people â€Å"bettering† themselves through body augmenting surgeries. Millions of people undergo risky surgery every year simply to improve or enhance a feature or body part. While the results may seem foolproof and glamorous, it is actually a very risky

Erythropoietin and Athletes Free Essays

Erythropoietin and Athletes Steven D. Jackson Student, American Military University Abstract Erythropoietin (EPO) use as a performance enhancing agent in sport carries both significant and detrimental risks to go along with its suggested benefits. As such, it was banned by the International Olympic Committee in 1990. We will write a custom essay sample on Erythropoietin and Athletes or any similar topic only for you Order Now Shortly thereafter, successful and reliable testing methods have been developed to test athletes for its potential use. Despite widespread knowledge of its potential adverse effects and the testing for its attempted use, EPO use remains substantial amongst endurance athletes of nearly all ages and disciplines, both professional and amateur. This paper will provide a history of EPO as a performance enhancing substance, explain its associated risks and perceived and actual benefits, attempt to analyze why athletes feel compelled to use it, and examine the sanctions, regulations, and weighty repercussions associated with its use. Erythropoietin and Athletes In sport, there are a virtually limitless number of ways in which one can influence or positively impact physical or mental performance. These methods can come in the form of mechanical aids, pharmacological aids, physiological aids, nutritional aids, and psychological aids. Regardless of its source, any means by which one seeks to improve performance by enhancing the physiological capacity of a particular system of the body, removing psychological constraints which adversely affect performance, or by accelerating recovery from training or competition is called an ergogenic aid (MacKenzie, 2001). These may include something as simple and innocuous as a healthy meal consumed the night prior to a competition, but seemingly, the ergogenic aids which athletes are turning to more increasingly are those that have been banned by organizations such as the World Anti-Doping Agency, the International Olympic Committee, and the like. Often, these substances have been banned because they not only represent perverse and unethical behavior, but also, as is the case for a substance like recombinant erythropoietin, because they can have serious adverse health effects for heir users. Over time, these substances have changed, but the desire to gain an unfair competitive advantage remains. Hematopoiesis is the process which involves the production of mature cells in the blood and in lymphoid organs. Mature erythrocytes, or red blood cells, have no nucleus, so they cannot reproduce in the traditional fashion as other cells can. Erythropoiesis, then, is the process by which erythrocytes are produ ced. Erythropoietin is a naturally occurring hormone found within the human body which controls this red blood cell production. It is released by the kidneys, and to a lesser extent the liver, and in very little quantities in the brain in response to a negative feedback. The physiological stimulus of erythropoietin production is hypoxia, or prolonged oxygen deficiency in body tissue, and in the majority of instances is related to the number of circulating erythrocytes within the kidneys. At high altitudes, for example, where the pressure oxygen in the air is reduced, oxygen delivery to the body’s tissues initially decreases. This drop in oxygen triggers the release of erythropoietin, which travels via the blood to the red bone marrow and stimulates red blood cell production (Shier, Butler, Lewis, 2011). This is important to note, as this negative feedback of loss in oxygen is essentially no different than the body observing a loss in blood, which also necessitates the release of erythropoietin. In cases of hemolysis or hemorrhage, erythrocyte production will also increase rapidly and substantially for the body to attempt to accommodate for the amount of blood lost. However, overproduction of erythrocytes does not occur, both in extreme hypoxic environments and even after the most severe loss of erythrocytes (Robinson, et al. , 2006). This balance is very important, because adequate oxygen delivery to tissues depends on having a sufficient number of red blood cells to transport oxygen. Decreases in their number or function can hinder oxygen delivery and thus affect exercise performance. Red blood cells serve a primary function of facilitating this transport of oxygen, which is bound to the hemoglobin found in red blood cells. Hemoglobin contains iron, which binds oxygen. As such, the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood is determined by its hemoglobin content. Accordingly, when hemoglobin levels fall, exercise performance is subsequently impaired. Being familiar with this, athletes, trainers, and coaches often practice iron supplementation in an effort to prevent anemia and attempt to boost hemoglobin levels. However, this supplementation cannot boost the blood’s oxygen carrying capacity beyond that which is normal. Consequently, doctors, trainers, and athletes have come up with various alternative means to try to boost blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity, and in turn boost performance (Mottram, 2011). In traditional medical settings, the need for a means to raise red blood cell counts in patients suffering from kidney failure in order to alleviate their extreme anemia, as they have so few red blood cells that they typically experience near-permanent exhaustion. The demand for a way to treat these kidney patients precipitated the development of synthesized erythropoietin. There was no question that they needed red blood cells, and the proposition of providing them via erythropoietin seemed logically safer than the more natural and traditional repeated transfusions and dialysis. The same logic applied to the much larger number of people whose kidneys were weak or damaged, but not yet failing. Raising their red blood cell count, and subsequently their hemoglobin levels, up to a normal amount like the more attractive option, and it was only a matter of time before it could be discovered (Burch, 2011). In 1985, the gene responsible for the synthesis of erythropoietin was successfully cloned for the first time. This synthesized erythropoietin is known as recombinant erythropoietin, and first became available in Europe in 1987 and was later patented by Amgen in 1989 (Mottram). With this development, it quickly became evident that recombinant erythropoietin would be used illegally as a performance enhancer in endurance sports. As such, the International Olympic Committee elected to ban this drug in 1990, even though all forms of blood doping had been officially banned since 1984 (Robinson, et al. ). In its earliest clinical trials, recombinant erythropoietin proved very successful, and it was quickly put to use with patients requiring their hemoglobin be raised to normal levels. The trials showed the drug’s benefits outweighed its risks, but not by much. In 2005, researchers and kidney specialists concluded their trials ahead of schedule when they were stunned by what they found. After years of raising red blood cell counts in patients to normal healthy levels, which also raised their hematocrit—the proportion of red blood cells to total blood volume—doctors were not seeing decreased occurrences of troke, heart complications, and even death. These rates were actually increasing. Therein laid the problem with EPO use, especially in uncontrolled environments and when used by athletes (Burch). Before EPO’s adverse effects were widely known, and to a great extent even today, its proposed benefits led to its immediate abuse by endurance athletes. The first cases were reported in several newspapers within the four years after recombinant EPO appeared in Europe. These articles claimed a link between rumored EPO abuse and the deaths of 18 Belgian and Dutch cyclists. This unfortunate wave seemed to roll on for some time, seemingly striking hardest amongst in the sport of cycling, and often resulting in death. For some time, cyclists publicly denied using EPO, but at the 1998 Tour de France, a masseuse for the Festina team was caught with EPO and several other banned drugs. The entire team and its staff were ejected from the Tour, and eventually seven of the nine Festina riders admitted to doping. Even the winner that year, Marco Pantani, was ejected the following year for signs of EPO use in an earlier drug test (Eichner, 2007). Though the bulk of EPO use reported in the media comes from cycling, other sports are not free from it. Chinese runners, swimmers, and rowers, Russia’s top female cross-country skiers, Finland’s tops skiers, and Germany’s top runners all have been caught for suspected EPO use of some kind or another. Russian and American runners and sprinters, including American sprinter Kelli White, have been stripped of medals and handed bans for their admitted EPO use after failing drug tests. Even Lance Armstrong—who has always denied any EPO use—has been suspected of illegal EPO use brought about by claims of his former teammates (Eichner). Perhaps the greatest contributing factor for the prevalence of continued illegal EPO use is in its difficulty of detection. While some athletes may think that they are using a drug for which there is no means of detection, which is not the case, others may simply know that EPO can be a very elusive drug to detect. Early detection strategies for EPO use as a drug were limited to blood testing only. Though blood tests could confirm inconsistent hematocrit levels and other blood markers compared to base samples in athletes who may have been using EPO supplementation up to, and sometimes over, a week prior, or those that had been using EPO when they originally provided a base sample and had discontinued its use, a direct method for detection in urine had yet to be established. Furthermore, early attempts at developing a urine test proved to be expensive, overly sensitive, and unreliable. Since blood doping had been common practice in some endurance sports for decades due to its clear performance advantages, it regrettably became even more attractive once recombinant EPO became available. Athletes have exploited these limitations of testing, particularly in sports that relied solely on urine specimen testing (Robinson, et al. . Successful urine testing had finally been developed and came into the picture in 2000. Serving as the only direct method of recombinant erythropoietin detection approved by the Court of Arbitration for sport, this method utilized electrophoretic techniques to separate the isoform profiles of recombinant and endogenous erythropoietin found in urine according to their isoelectric points (Diamanti-Kandarakis, et al. , 2005). Not only could this newly approved testing mathematically and scientifically identify EPO use—or discontinuation of its use—but it could also isolate the various forms of forms of EPO, including erythropoietin alpha, beta, omega, and delta, as well as newer generations of EPO analogues like darbepoetin and mimetic peptides. The disadvantage of such an effective urine testing method, however, was that it discouraged athletes from recombinant EPO use. Athletes now fearful of getting caught moved back to using—or rather misusing—blood doping and transfusions in an attempt to raise hematocrit and hemoglobin levels. For that reason, some international sports federations elected to limit their testing to either blood or urine. However, more recently the trend has been to attempt to keep their current testing procedures randomized (Robinson, et al. ). The risks of illegal EPO use remain high. Some athletes choose to supplement with EPO in smaller doses with the intent of limiting their potential exposure in drug tests, and, just as likely, with the expectation that this practice would be â€Å"safer. Regardless, the results of EPO use are largely unpredictable, and tests have revealed that hematocrit values in EPO users can greatly exceed what is considered the healthy or normal upper limit of 50 percent. Once the hormone has been put in the body, the athlete is at great risk for substantial increases in blood viscosity. This places the individual in danger of thrombosis, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, hypertension, stroke, and pulmonary embolism. However, with the ever-increasi ng pressures to excel in competition, and the draw of larger rizes, purses, sponsorships, and notoriety in sport today it is not beyond reason as to why teams, athletes, trainers, and coaches would feel compelled to explore an option which may offer athletes a clinically documented six to eight percent increase in their VO2max and 13 to 17 percent increased time to exhaustion (Kenney, Wilmore, Costill, 2012). Athletes who use banned EPO also risk disqualification from a particular competition, with the risk apparently greater if the athlete’s result is good, as the top-placing finishers in competitions almost certainly are subject to testing more and more frequently. They can also be banned from their sport, typically for a minimum of a year, but potentially for life. In their quest for enhanced performance, athletes can easily get caught up in the hype surrounding these sorts of substances and the purported benefits they might bestow. Unfortunately, too many athletes are blinded by ambition and do not consider the consequences of their actions until their careers have become jeopardized or their health has been seriously affected. Considering recent reports of even amateur athletes being dealt bans and imposed fines after testing positive for EPO use in events that are considered recreational, the need is definitely present for the likes of the World Anti-Doping Agency and the International Olympic Committee to take more aggressive and decisive action in the battle against doping and illegal drug use. The misuse of medical and biotechnological advancements to enhance athletic performance is an issue that will clearly not go away on its own. It is imperative for sports federations to be able to collect blood samples from their competitors and institute a continuity system which keeps track of appropriate individual values. The appropriate way to fight blood doping and EPO use is to markers for each individual athlete to have a record of each marker and measure of their blood. In this way it will not be necessary to take into account complicating factors during testing and analysis such as sex, ethnic origin, and the kind of sport in which the athlete is participating. With a system such as this, it would be possible to identify which athletes are manipulating their bodies based on their own set reference values and markers over time. This, combined random, unannounced testing is the only way currently possible to effectively mitigate doping. Even still, it is supremely difficult for sports organizations and control agencies in sport to stay ahead of the always sophisticated doping methods. Summary Erythropoietin and all of its forms were developed with the intent of rehabilitating and alleviating the extreme symptoms of kidney patients. Their appeal is strong to competitive athletes, especially with more and more on the line each year. Despite their undeniable ability to enhance performance, EPO can cause serious negative health effects. In an era where performance-enhancing drug abuse is rampant across nearly all disciplines of sports despite rigorous legislation and testing throughout the world, it is necessary to understand the harmful effects of all substances when considering their use. The undesirable effects of EPO use are virtually countless, but—and perhaps worse yet—the potential long-term effects of chronic use are not well known. References Burch, D. (2011). Blood sports. Natural History 119(6), 14-16. Diamanti-Kandarakis, E. , Konstantinopoulos, P. , Papiliou, J. , Kandarakis, S. , Andreopoulos, A. , Sykiotis, G. (2005). Erythropoietin abuse and erythropoietin gene doping. Sports Medicine, 35(10), 831-840. Eichner, E. (2007). Blood doping. Sports Medicine, 37(4/5), 389-391. Kenney, L. W. , Wilmore, J. H. , Costill, D. L. (2012). Physiology of sport and exercise (5th ed. ). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Mackenzie, B (2001). Ergogenic aids. Retrieved from http://www. brianmac. co. uk/ergoaids. htm Mottram, D. R. (2011) Drugs in sport (5th ed. ). New York: Routledge. Robinson, N. N. , Giraud, S. S. , Saudan, C. C, Baume, N. N. , Avois, L. L, Mangin, P. P. , Saugy, M. M. (2006). Erythropoietin and blood doping. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 40, i30- i34. Shier, D. , Butler, J. , Lewis, R. (2012). Hole’s essentials of human anatomy physiology (11th ed. ). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill How to cite Erythropoietin and Athletes, Essay examples

Male Domination In Othello Essay Example

Male Domination In Othello Paper Male domination in society is a stigma, which has always existed, and one that may not cease to exist. However, the difference does exist in the way the women of the different ages chose to accept such behaviour and render themselves victims of such circumstance. In relation to the Elizabethan period, and having the characters of Desdemona, Emilia, and Bianca in mind it can be true to say it may have been harder for them not to accept it than it is today. In reality, it was not even noticed by some of the women and for the few who noticed it, they could do nothing more than accepting it as their fate and trying to live with it. In discussing the victimisation of the above named women in this male dominated society, both sides of the argument for each character would be explored with emphasis on their individual struggles for independence. The fair warrior Desdemona as referred to by her husband Othello undoubtedly struggles throughout the play. From her struggle for independence from her father Brabantio, to the struggle for her life from her husband Othello. Shakespeare seems to deceive the audience to think that Desdemona may be one of his unique female characters who fight for the rights of women. However, this power which we see her possess at the beginning of the play as she tells her father that she did love the moor to live with him, to the ones which has been endowed on her as she is referred to as the general gradually fades away. The first indication of Desdemonas victimisation in this male dominated society is evident when Iago refers to her body as if it was the property of Brabantio. He says to him your heart is burst, you have lost half your soul, even now, now, very now an old black ram is tupping your white ewe. We will write a custom essay sample on Male Domination In Othello specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Male Domination In Othello specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Male Domination In Othello specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This signifies that in the Elizabethan society, Brabantio like other fathers considered Desdemonas body and life to be their full possession. Furthermore, the use of an animal imagery to describe her white ewe does not only reflect Iagos underestimation of human nature but the degradation of women in the society by men. This is clearly the case for the fact that he could say it while talking to her father. Desdemona on the other hand, like almost every other woman in the Elizabethan period seems to have accepted the convention that women are inferior to men and are the properties of either her father or husband. This is shown when she says I do perceive here a divided duty. I am hitherto your daughter. But heres my husband. The audience would initially admire her bravery towards her father, but after getting a deeper understanding of the plot, it becomes evident that her marriage to Othello was not a sign of freedom but rather a change from one dominator to another. Desdemonas suffering and humiliation in Cyprus is deeply rooted in the villainous actions of another man called Iago. Iago convinces Othello that Desdemona is making him a cuckold by sleeping with Cassio. She suffers from this false accusation because it is a world dominated by men. It is possible that Othello takes Iagos words over that of Desdemona not because he is truly convinced that she is unfaithful, but because it is a word of a man over that of a woman. Desdemona just like Hero in the play Much Ado about Nothing shows total submissiveness even at the point of death. Even after receiving a very undeserving slap from Othello in public, all she says is I will not stay to offend you. At this point, the women in the audience may feel more embarrassed and less sympathetic at the timidity of Desdemona. Desdemona voices out her pains through the willow song that she narrates to Emilia. Her reference to her mothers maid called Barbary who died singing it signifies not just her own pain and suffering but one that has been passed down from generation to generation. Regardless of Desdemonas eventual defeat as she dies in the hands of Othello, she does deserve some credit for some of her few acts of bravery. Her rebellion against her father is an act that may not have been very common during the Elizabethan period because the fathers had the right to discipline them when they deemed it fit and virtually had power over them. She did not only get married out of her fathers will but she married an African. This would have been extremely rare especially for someone of her social class. Finally, as she passes out her last response to Emilia when being asked who killed her I myself shows her refusal to accept to be a victim of this male dominated society. Emilia is used by Shakespeare to balance the contrast between the other victims of this male dominance. That is, Desdemona the very chaste one and Bianca the prostitute. Emilia is one character who is not just a victim of this male dominated society but is clearly aware of her position. This is shown clearly in her relationship and attitude towards her husband Iago and her conversation with Desdemona. Emilias marriage is one we see to lack some of the main components of holy matrimony, as Iago is neither protective nor loving to her. The few dialogues that she has with Iago are filled with scorn and insults. He says to her it is a common thing to have a foolish wife, This shows the standards which the men gave their wives. The use of Emilia by Iago as an instrument for destroying Desdemonas marriage and eventually her death is the peak of her victimisation. This is because it is one thing that she would do anything to stop. Her desperation for attention and affection from Iago may have pushed her to act blindly. On stealing the handkerchief, she says my wayward husband hath a hundred times wooed me to steal it. I know nothing than to please his fantasy Her language is usually in an angry tone and underneath it lies her regret at marriage and all the insults that come with it. In response to Othellos maltreatment of Desdemona she says I will be hanged if some eternal villain, some busy and insinuating rogue, some cogging, cozening slave to get some office have not devised this slander. It seems like she finds it acceptable for her to be victimised but not an in innocent and self-sacrificing person like Desdemona. Like Beatrice in Shakespeares Much Ado about nothing, Emilia justifies the case for the women who are involved in extra marital affairs. This is clearly shown in her speech while discussing with Desdemona. Critics have called this speech the renaissance plea to womens liberation. In this speech, she says it is the husbands fault that their wives cheat on them. She systematically points out each of the things which the women have to go through. From when husbands slack their duties by pouring our treasures in foreign laps, break out in peevish jealousies, throwing restraint upon us or when they strike us. This feminine speech is like a cry out for all women and one can imagine the relief and pleasure, which it would have given the women in the audience. Through this Shakespeare shows empathy for the women. He also indirectly cautions the men in the audience and tells them that the women have as much reason as they do to cheat on them. It is no mistake that Emilia , like her mistress is killed by her husband. Shakespeare emphasises the point that they are victims of this male dominated society by juxtaposing their deaths. Prior to Emilias death, she ensures that she speaks defends Desdemonas chastity and regains her dignity by exposing Cassio to Othello. She says I will speak as liberal as the north;let Heaven and the men and devils, let them all cry shame against me yet I will speak. The use of the word men just between Heaven and devil suggests that some of the men like Cassio and lodovico may possess heaven like characters while others like Iago and Othello may act devilish. Bianca seems to be less of a less of a victim in this society if compared to Emilia and Desdemona. At the end of the plot, she is the last woman standing and the chances are that her status would be elevated in the society if all goes well in her relationship with Cassio. Although it can be said that her profession gives her more insults than Emilia and Desdemona would have ever received. However, it would be unfair to assume that it would be a womans desire to sell her body and dignity for money. For this reason, we can say that she is forced into this circumstance. In a society where men saw women as nothing more than instruments of satisfying their bodily pleasures, prostitution was one of the very desperate measures which the very less privileged women would have to take up. This generates insults not only from the men but also from her fellow woman. Emilia says to her O fie upon thee strumpet! Her reply to this statement gains the sympathy of the audience as it indicates her struggle to be tagged as something beyond what she does. She says to her I am no strumpet, but of life as honest as you that thus abuse me. On a deeper note, this may also be a confirmation of Iagos suspicion that Emilia may have had an affair with Othello. Bianca also has her time of rebellion when she tells Cassio if youll come to supper tonight,you may;if you will not, come when you are next prepared for. In this statement, she shows that she perceives a little power left in her possession regardless of how she is looked at in the society. Cassios exit to run after her emphasises this point. And this may cause the audience to look at her with a little more respect. Ultimately, Shakespeare exposes the circumstances which the women in the Elizabethan period faces and also presents it in a way which shows his opposition to it. Furthermore, his use of these three characters who are of different social standings illustrates that no woman was free from being victimised in this male dominated society.